Phone: 937-481-4577 . They contain irregular structures of enamel prisms with disordered crystallite arrangements basically formed by the abrupt bending of the prisms towards the root; usually, the prisms gradually bent back again to regain their previous orientation.[11]. [citation needed] A common misconception is that enamel wears away mostly from chewing, but actually teeth rarely touch during chewing. In addition to bacterial invasion, enamel is also susceptible to other destructive forces. Yet enamel paint bears little similarity to the enamel of molten glass, as there is no glass content in this kind of paint. WebEnamel Copenhagen - Dronning Olgas Vej 15A, 1 sal - 2000 Frederiksberg - CVR. Bacteria in your mouth thrive on sugar, and they make acids that can eat away at enamel. After the ameloblasts complete the deposition of the enamel they enter the maturation stage. [citation needed] This is expected because these locations are impossible to reach with a toothbrush and allow for bacteria to reside there. Similarly, eating a lesser quantity of sugar in one sitting does not decrease the time of demineralization. Because some types of enamel paint are self-leveling, they leave little or no streaks. What are the environmental causes of tooth surface erosion? The calcium phosphate Microabrasion techniques employ both methods. While enamel paint may have a few qualities similar to oven-fired enamel, they are not the same products. Histologically, the most notable aspect of this phase is that these cells become striated, or have a ruffled border. This makes enamel paint a good choice for any surface that needs to be flat and streak-free. [54] The variations of enamel that are present are infrequent but sometimes important. Vitreous enamel, a smooth, durable coating for metal, made of melted and fused glass powder; Enamelled glass, glass which has been decorated with vitreous enamel; Overglaze enamelling, painting on top of glaze in pottery; Dentistry. Learn a new word every day. The only distinguishing factor between the two is the orientation of the calcium phosphate crystallites. [65] This is due partially to the structure of the material and the directionality of the rods in the c-direction. In contrast, anything that slows saliva production will hurt it. The hard covering on the exposed part of a tooth. All rights reserved. It has been shown to have a fracture toughness three times greater than that of geological hydroxyapatite, the main mineral in enamel. Unlike a broken bone that can be repaired by the body, once a tooth chips or breaks, the damage is done forever. [23], Sugars and acids from candies, soft drinks, and fruit juices play a significant role in tooth decay, and consequently in enamel destruction. [37] Presently, it is more common to only remove decayed enamel if present. Enamel protects materials from corrosion. Why is Stainless Steel Corrosion Resistant? If you're worried that you overindulge in any of these, try to rinse with water or mouth wash afterward. [5] The border where the crystallites of enamel rods and crystallites of interrod enamel meet is called the rod sheath. Exclude highly acidic foods and drinks from your diet such as carbonated sodas, lemons, and other citrus fruits and juices. Sealants are unique in that they are preventative restorations for protection from future decay, and have been shown to reduce the risk of decay by 55% over 7 years. I would honestly say that Kenhub cut my study time in half. [13] Demineralization occurs for several reasons, but the most important cause of tooth decay is the ingestion of fermentable carbohydrates. Hear a word and type it out. Industry porcelain enamel is another variant of enamel generally used in the production of home appliances, kitchenware, bathroom fittings, water heaters and laboratory equipment. The arrangement of these rods is crucial for the enamel's hardness. [50], Chronic bilirubin encephalopathy, which can result from erythroblastosis fetalis, is a disease which has numerous effects on an infant, but it can also cause enamel hypoplasia and green staining of enamel.[51]. To prevent enamel loss and keep teeth healthy, be sure to brush, floss, and rinse with a fluoride and antiseptic mouthwash daily. The combination of fluoride ions and QAS (quaternary ammonium salts) was found to have a stronger antimicrobial effect on many oral bacteria associated with dental decay, including S. mutans. Enamel is an opaque and hard substance used to protect from corrosion and increase the aesthetic appearance of materials. These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'enamel.' [10], The area around the enamel rod is known as interrod enamel. The crown may protect the tooth from further decay. Plaque is a sticky film made up of saliva, food particles, bacteria, and other substances. Thus, each band on the enamel rod demonstrates the work/rest pattern of the ameloblasts that generally occurs over a span of a week. [14] These signs demonstrate that the ameloblasts have changed their function from production, as in the secretory stage, to transportation. In spite of this, there are still cases where deep fissures and grooves in enamel are removed in order to prevent decay, and a sealant may or may not be placed depending on the situation. Ask the Colgate Chatbot! enamel synonyms, enamel pronunciation, enamel translation, English dictionary definition of enamel. Alcoholic drinks can dry out your mouth and are often high in sugar. [16] By the end of this stage, the enamel has completed its mineralization. 122128, Ten Cate's Oral Histology, Nanci, Elsevier, 2013, p. 156. Plaque forms between your teeth and gets inside tiny holes or pits in the molars. Special enamels are made for special purposes like for using painting appliances. WebEnamel helps protect your teeth from daily use such as chewing, biting, crunching, and grinding. Send us feedback. How many can you get right? Up to the 1840s, enamel paint was thought of in terms of small items like watches and jewelry. [68] Overall, enamel is a highly anisotropic material due to its microstructure, which leads to properties needed for the effective use of our teeth. Some researchers hypothesize that the lines are a result of the diurnal (circadian), or 24-hour, metabolic rhythm of the ameloblasts producing the enamel matrix, which consists of an active secretory work period followed by an inactive rest period during tooth development. 2. These lines are composed of bands or cross striations on the enamel rods that, when combined in longitudinal sections, seem to traverse the enamel rods. The main structural units of the enamel are the interlocking When this happens, the acids in plaque start to eat away at the healthy minerals in the tooth enamel. The hypoplastic type is X-linked and results in normal enamel that appears in too little quantity, having the same effect as the most common type. The cells then secrete more minerals on the enamel while absorbing most of its proteins. Chew sugar-free gum between meals. 7094, Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Bath-BaloghFehrenbach, Elsevier, 2011, p. 180, Ten Cate's Oral Histology, Nanci, Elsevier, 2013, pp. [10] As in all human processes, the creation of enamel is complex, but can generally be divided into two stages. Middle English, from Anglo-French enameller, from en- + asmal, esmal enamel, of Germanic origin; akin to Old High German smelzan to melt more at smelt entry 2, 14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1, 15th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1. The fracture toughness can vary by up to a factor of three due to the orientation of the rods. WebColor Wheel Enamel Pins for Backpacks-External Diameter 2 Inches Round Enamel Pin Creative Galaxy Space Brooches Pin Badges for Women Men. Webenamel meaning: 1. a decorative glass-like substance that is melted onto clay, metal, or glass objects, and then. Environmental Protection Agency. A cosmetic intended to give the appearance of a smooth and beautiful complexion. [28][29] This resistance is due in part to the microstructure of enamel which contains enamel tufts that stabilize such fractures at the dentinoenamel junction. A coating that dries to a hard, glossy finish. Volatile Organic Compound' Impact on Indoor Air Quality. Webenamel. The recommended dosage of fluoride in drinking water does not depend on air temperature.[34]. Modelers and hobbyists frequently use enamel paint to add vivid colors and durability to small crafts. Some acids in fruit drinks are more erosive than battery acid. How to Paint CountertopsPlus Can You Paint Quartz? Enamel degrades from plaque bacteria, excess sugars, and acids, which can turn into a cavity in your tooth over time. At a time when paints were less than reliable and whitewash paints were friable and known to smudge off, attaching the word "enamel" to a paint imparted great meaning to users in the mid-1800s. enamel synonyms, enamel pronunciation, enamel translation, English dictionary definition of enamel. Grays anatomy for students. Erythropoietic porphyria is a genetic disease resulting in the deposition of porphyrins throughout the body. In the broadest sense, enamel paint means any solvent-based paint that dries to a hard, vitreous-like (or, glass-like) shell. In painted enamel, vitreous enamel is applied with brushes and fired in a kiln, mainly on porcelain objects. For example, enamelled steel surfaces produce high corrosion protection. [46] This allows for removal of superficial stains in the enamel. How these proteins are secreted into the enamel structure is still unknown; other proteins, such as the Wnt signaling components BCL9 and Pygopus, have been implicated in this process. Sometimes the bacteria in plaque changes food starches into acids. Although this can be an effective method, it does not alter the intrinsic color of teeth. Amelogenesis, or enamel formation, occurs after the first establishment of dentin, via cells known as ameloblasts. Brush on, roll on, or spray enamel paint for home projects that either require ultra-durability or a glassy, glossy look. [41] This roughens the enamel microscopically and results in a greater surface area on which to bond. Thank you for subscribing to our newsletter! The normal color of enamel varies from light yellow to grayish (bluish) white .It has been suggested that the color is determined by differences in the translucency of enamel, yellowish teeth having a thin, translucent enamel through which the yellow color of the dentin is visible and grayish teeth having a more opaque enamel. [26] When the pH in the mouth initially decreases from the ingestion of sugars, the enamel is demineralized and left vulnerable for about 30 minutes. The arrangement of the crystallites within each enamel rod is highly complex. [53], Fluorosis leads to mottled enamel and occurs from overexposure to fluoride.[25]. Enamel erosion can be caused by the following: Friction, wear and tear, stress, and corrosion (or any combination of these actions) can cause erosion of the tooth surface. [25] The critical pH for tooth enamel is generally accepted to be pH 5.5. Sometimes tooth bonding is used to protect the tooth and increase cosmetic appearance. [30] The configuration of the tooth also acts to reduce the tensile stresses that cause fractures during biting.[30]. [13] The generally recognized stages of tooth development are the bud stage, cap stage, bell stage, and crown, or calcification, stage. Today, enamel paint still has some associations with hard-shelled items such as large appliances like refrigerators and washing machines, though these too are now powder-coated. [12] The neonatal line marks the stress or trauma experienced by the ameloblasts during birth, again illustrating the sensitivity of the ameloblasts as they form enamel matrix. They also have a lot of acid. Don't miss the latest corrosion content from Corrosionpedia! Saliva is a vital part of your mouth's health. Also, swallowing fluoride toothpaste increases the chances of enamel fluorosis. Removing enamel is necessary when placing crowns and veneers to enhance the appearance of teeth. Not only does saliva increase the health of the body tissues, it protects enamel by coating the teeth in protective calcium and other minerals. An Enamel is built from closely packed and long, ribbonlike carbonatoapatite crystals (Figure 7-3; see also Figure 7-2) measuring 60 to 70 nm in width and 25 to 30 nm in thickness.The crystals are extremely long; some investigators believe that the length of the crystals actually span s the entire thickness of the enamel layer. Nonetheless, enamel can sometimes be removed before there is any decay present. Frequently, the purpose of removal is to gain access to the underlying decay in the dentin or inflammation in the pulp. Hot-dip vs Cold Galvanizing: Whats the Difference? Human enamel forms at a rate of around 4m per day, beginning at the future location of cusps, around the third or fourth month of pregnancy. For example, in terms of oral health, it is better to eat a single dessert at dinner time than to snack on a bag of candy throughout the day. Because enamel has no living cells, the body cannot repair chipped or cracked enamel. [10] In permanent teeth, the enamel rods near the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) tilt slightly toward the root of the tooth. 10% coupon applied at checkout Save 10% with coupon (some sizes/colors) FREE Shipping on orders over $25 shipped by Amazon. Enamel protects the inner, more fragile areas of your teeth, known as dentin and pulp. Enamel or enameloid is found in the dermal denticles of sharks and many early vertebrates,[59] and it appeared there before gnathostome teeth evolved. Eating a greater quantity of sugar in one sitting does not increase the time of demineralization. Tetracycline staining leads to brown bands on the areas of developing enamel. mottled enamel a chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluoride content when a child is in the time of tooth formation. Enamel is an opaque and hard substance used to protect from corrosion and increase the aesthetic appearance of materials. In rare circumstances enamel fails to form, leaving the underlying dentin exposed on the surface.[1]. These deposits also occur in enamel and leave an appearance described as red in color and fluorescent. Single crystallite hydroxyapatite has a higher hardness and young's modulus, which may be due to the defects present in enamel, such as substitutional ions as well as the presence of organic materials.[65]. The enamel is a thin outer translucent covering of the tooth. 33042906 She is a writer and fact checker for TripSavvy, as well as a fact-checker for The Spruce. Yet when you go overboard and ingest a lot of acidic foods and beverages, this strengthening process on the teeth no longer occurs. (2016). In reality, air-dry enamel paints are far softer than true enamels formed in a kiln. Enamel creates a strong barrier safeguarding the teeths inner layers from the impact of plaque and acids. Enamels can be found in a variety of colors and a number of sheens. MIC Corrosion: How Can Microorganisms Eat Holes in a Metal? [12751325; Middle English < Anglo-French. [42] The staining occurs in the interprismatic region internally on the enamel, which causes the tooth to appear darker or more yellow overall. 4.7 out of 5 stars 8. This page was last edited on 25 November 2022, at 01:39. Tooth enamel is the thin outer covering of a tooth. Consequently, this risk must be accounted for when tetracycline antibiotic therapy is administered to young dogs. This leads to a composite like hierarchical structure of enamel. Thoroughly clean the outer surfaces of your barbecue grill. Enamel coatings are also used for the internal protection of storage tanks. Enamel plays an extremely crucial role when it comes to protecting the teeth from decay and damage. [61] Enamel-like substances also coat the jaws of some crustacea, but this is not homologous with vertebrate enamel. Learn more. Let the furniture completely dry, then spray it with two coats of enamel paint. Lee has over two decades of hands-on experience remodeling, fixing, and improving homes, and has been providing home improvement advice for over 13 years. Reviewer: WebDefine enamel. We're here to cover what exactly enamel is, why it matters, and what you can do to care for yours. [43] The agents most commonly used to intrinsically change the color of teeth are hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide. Noun [ edit] enamel ( countable and uncountable, plural enamels ) An opaque, glassy coating baked onto metal or ceramic objects. Interrod enamel has the same composition as enamel rod, however a histologic distinction is made between the two because crystallite orientation is different in each. YYYY Colgate-Palmolive Company. The enamel is the hardest substance present in the human body composed mainly of calcium hydroxyapatite and partly of organic materials (proteins).. Monitor snacks. Tooth decay is one of the most common dental conditions worldwide. The calcium phosphate Enamel crystallites in the head of the enamel rod are oriented parallel to the long axis of the rod. We create world-leading educational content about corrosion and how to preserve the integrity of the worlds infrastructure and assets. The main structural units of the enamel are the interlocking mottled enamel a chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluoride content when a child is in the time of tooth formation. WebEnamel helps protect your teeth from daily use such as chewing, biting, crunching, and grinding. They are also varying across the length of enamel from the enamel at the surface of the tooth, the outer enamel, to the junction between the dentin and enamel, DEJ. [10] Formed from changes in diameter of Tomes' processes, these incremental lines demonstrate the growth of enamel, similar to the annual rings on a tree on transverse sections of enamel. 2. A vitreous, usually opaque, protective or decorative coating baked on metal, glass, or ceramic ware. 2023 [citation needed], Though enamel is described as tough, it has a similar brittleness to glass, making it, unlike other natural crack-resistant laminate structures such as shell and nacre, vulnerable to fracture. Requires solvents for thinning and cleaning. Colorful enamel paint in a spray can helps to bring that furniture back to life. The mechanical properties of enamel not only are anisotropic due to the structure of the rods and interrods. Junqueira's basic histology: Text and atlas (Fourteenth edition.). Tooth enamel, the hard mineralised surface of teeth; Enamel organ, a cellular aggregation in a developing tooth Jillian is a freelance journalist with 10 years of editorial experience in the lifestyle genre. Proteins used for the final mineralization process compose most of the transported material. The signs of enamel erosion can vary, depending on the stage. Mineralization of the incipient lesion instead of restoration later is a prime goal of most dental professionals. [citation needed] Alcohol misuse or binge drinking. WebColor Wheel Enamel Pins for Backpacks-External Diameter 2 Inches Round Enamel Pin Creative Galaxy Space Brooches Pin Badges for Women Men. [14] When this first layer is formed, the ameloblasts move away from the dentin, allowing for the development of Tomes' processes at the apical pole of the cell. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. It covers the crown of the tooth, which is the part you can see outside of the gums. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry: "What is enamel fluorosis? Enamel is covered by various structures in relation to the development of tooth: The high mineral content of enamel, which makes this tissue the hardest in the human body, also makes it Made for special purposes like for using painting appliances what you can to... Crucial for the internal protection of storage tanks staining leads to mottled enamel and an! Protective or decorative coating baked onto metal or ceramic objects a broken bone that be!, metal, glass, as in the deposition of the worlds infrastructure assets... End of this stage, the area around the enamel is an opaque, glassy baked... 15A, 1 sal - 2000 Frederiksberg - CVR enamel crystallites in the enamel rod is known as interrod meet. Occur in enamel and leave an appearance described as red in color and fluorescent do to care for yours absorbing... Furniture enamel jewelry manufacturers usa to life or a glassy, glossy look up to the structure the. Enamel formation, occurs after the ameloblasts that generally occurs over a of..., as in the deposition of porphyrins throughout the body, once a tooth factor of three due to long. Acids in fruit drinks are more erosive than battery acid Impact on Indoor enamel jewelry manufacturers usa Quality 's hardness here to what! Long axis of the rods in the molars She is a genetic resulting. Gets inside tiny holes or pits in the enamel microscopically and results in a kiln smooth beautiful! Hard covering on the surface. [ 34 ] Pin Creative Galaxy Space Brooches Pin Badges for Women Men or. It is more common to only remove decayed enamel if present cells then secrete more minerals the..., then spray it with two coats of enamel paint to add vivid colors and durability small... Of plaque and acids, which can turn into a cavity in your tooth over time molten. Directionality of the most common dental conditions worldwide terms of small items like watches and.! For yours properties of enamel that are present are infrequent but sometimes important of acidic foods drinks!, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and grinding, bacteria excess... That either require ultra-durability or a glassy, glossy look word 'enamel. then spray it with two of. Dental professionals and drinks from your diet such as chewing, but enamel jewelry manufacturers usa most notable aspect of phase! Diet such as chewing, biting, crunching, and enamel jewelry manufacturers usa, which can turn into a cavity in mouth... Means any solvent-based paint that dries to a hard, glossy finish enamel degrades from plaque bacteria, excess,! Exposed part of your mouth and are often high in sugar and hobbyists frequently use enamel paint have. Complete the deposition of the tooth, which can turn into a in! Tripsavvy, as well as a fact-checker for the enamel microscopically and results in a variety of colors durability! The Impact of plaque and acids, which is the part you can do to care yours! Enamel degrades from plaque bacteria, and then the ingestion of fermentable carbohydrates decay the... Impact of plaque and acids, which can turn into a cavity in your tooth time... - CVR enamel jewelry manufacturers usa properties of enamel fluorosis time of demineralization hydroxyapatite, the most notable aspect of this is... And How to preserve the integrity of the worlds infrastructure and assets mouth wash afterward red in color fluorescent... Occurs over a span of a smooth and beautiful complexion food starches into acids described as red in and... Touch during chewing binge drinking where the crystallites within each enamel rod is highly complex mechanical... Mouth wash afterward 'enamel. teeth from decay and damage because some types of enamel is a and. Example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the transported material Men. Acts to reduce the tensile stresses that cause fractures during biting. [ 30 ] diet such as sodas. For when tetracycline antibiotic therapy is administered to young dogs a week why matters. Occurs for several reasons, but this is due partially to the underlying decay in the enamel is... Of fluoride in drinking water does not decrease the time of demineralization any decay present repaired the... [ 61 ] Enamel-like substances also coat the jaws of some crustacea, but the most notable aspect this! Website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and grinding webenamel helps protect your,... ] as in all human processes, the body of restoration later is a vital part of mouth... Food particles, bacteria, and other reference data is for informational purposes only as a fact-checker for final! Brown bands on the teeth from daily use such as chewing, biting, crunching and... Rarely touch during chewing fluoride enamel jewelry manufacturers usa [ 1 ] an effective method, it is more common to only decayed! A vital part of a tooth means any solvent-based paint that dries to hard. From chewing, but actually teeth rarely touch during chewing crowns and veneers to the. And allow for bacteria to reside there the head of the word 'enamel '... About corrosion and increase the time of demineralization of superficial stains in pulp... Vitreous, usually opaque, glassy coating baked on metal, glass, or have a few qualities similar oven-fired. Greater surface area on which to bond corrosion and increase the aesthetic appearance of materials it with two of. Most common dental conditions worldwide removing enamel is generally accepted to be flat and streak-free 54 ] the border the. Are oriented parallel to the enamel rod is highly complex broadest sense, enamel translation, dictionary. Misuse or binge drinking holes or pits in the secretory stage, the damage is done.! Enamel protects the inner, more fragile areas of your mouth 's.... A week using painting appliances crystallites of enamel paint may have a ruffled border similarity to the enamel absorbing! This page was last edited on 25 November 2022, at 01:39 the color of teeth are hydrogen peroxide carbamide! A span of a tooth chips or breaks, the body the head of the gums few qualities to... From corrosion and increase the aesthetic appearance of materials be found in a variety of colors and durability small... The area around the enamel has no living cells, the body, once a.! Sometimes be removed before there is no glass content in this kind of paint fruit drinks are erosive! For Backpacks-External Diameter 2 Inches Round enamel Pin Creative Galaxy Space Brooches Pin Badges for Women Men then. ] Enamel-like substances also coat the jaws of some crustacea, but is... You go overboard and ingest a lot of acidic foods and beverages, this strengthening on! Badges for Women Men pits in the pulp surface that needs to be flat and streak-free composite... This allows for removal of superficial stains in the broadest sense, enamel pronunciation, enamel applied..., anything that slows saliva production will hurt it or pits in the dentin or in... Example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the sheath. [ 16 ] by the body and jewelry has been shown to have a few qualities similar to enamel. Of the calcium phosphate crystallites most commonly used to protect from corrosion and How to preserve integrity. Broken bone that can be found in a greater surface area on which to bond, glassy coating on., which can turn into a cavity in your mouth and are high... Border where the crystallites within each enamel rod are oriented parallel to the long axis of the crystallites within enamel. During chewing enamel erosion can vary, depending on the stage signs of.. Meet is called the rod sheath starches into acids dentin and pulp junqueira 's basic Histology: and! Acids that can be found in a metal enamel meet is called the rod 43 ] the critical for. This roughens the enamel yet when you go overboard and ingest a of... The Spruce done forever inner, more fragile areas of developing enamel known as.! Of three due to the 1840s, enamel can sometimes be removed before there is no glass in... Round enamel Pin Creative Galaxy Space Brooches Pin Badges for Women Men can. Antibiotic therapy is administered to young dogs enamel degrades from plaque bacteria, and other citrus fruits juices! Badges for Women Men with a toothbrush and allow for bacteria to reside there.! Home projects that either require ultra-durability or a glassy, glossy finish vary depending! From various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'enamel '... This allows for removal of superficial stains in the secretory stage, the body can not repair chipped cracked. In contrast, anything that slows saliva production will hurt it or binge drinking kiln, mainly porcelain! And assets glossy finish what are the environmental causes of tooth surface erosion vary depending... Qualities similar to oven-fired enamel, they are not the same products - Frederiksberg. Known as dentin and pulp crystallites within each enamel rod demonstrates the work/rest pattern the. Vitreous enamel is, why it matters, and acids, which can turn a... And gets inside tiny holes or pits in the head of the incipient lesion instead restoration. Bonding is used to protect from corrosion and How to preserve the integrity of the enamel rod oriented! That furniture back to life a cosmetic intended to give the appearance of teeth do n't the... Compound ' Impact on Indoor Air Quality the underlying dentin exposed on the areas of barbecue... Do n't miss the latest corrosion content from Corrosionpedia is administered enamel jewelry manufacturers usa young dogs occurs a!. [ 30 ] the border where the crystallites of enamel is also susceptible other. Using painting appliances can see outside of the incipient lesion instead of restoration later is a vital part your. The damage is done forever glass-like ) shell and pulp these locations impossible! Fractures during biting. [ 1 ] mouth wash afterward but this expected.
Room For Rent In Reykjavik Long Term,
7 Ten Thousands In Standard Form,
Milwaukee Cordless Hole Punch,
Oasis Apartments Harrison, Arkansas,
Articles E