Many new restricting fundamentalist laws were passed. In Tuscany, Leopold II sanctioned a liberal constitution; and instituted a liberal ministry. The exchequer was barely adequate to cover the state's current expenditure, resulting in a complete termination of banking operations for the Medici. Cosimo III was of a puritan character, banning May celebrations, forcing prostitutes to pay for licenses and, beheading sodomites. The Senate, composed of forty-eight men, chosen by the constitutional reform commission, was vested with the prerogative of determining Florence's financial, security, and foreign policies. He was forced out by the French during the French Revolutionary Wars, first in spring 1799 when a jacobin provisional government was created by the French army, and then after the Treaty of Aranjuez (1801), becoming instead Elector of Salzburg, ruling the territory of the former archbishopric. That made the Republic of Florence to become very rich. In December 1859, the Grand Duchy was joined to the Duchies of Modena and Parma to form the United Provinces of Central Italy, which were annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia a few months later. All representatives of the Duchy were consular officers. Tuscany is the Etruria of the ancients. They launched several big ships at Portoferraio after 1601, with an armament of 40 guns each yet only 60 seamen each. However, Giovanni was able to become the pope, and became Pope Leo X. Tuscany then ceded its Lunigiana territories to Modena with the exception of Pontremoli which passed to the Duchy of Parma. Queen Catherine of France, though herself a Medici, viewed Cosimo with the utmost disdain. The Peace of Villafranca allowed Leopold to return once more. Ferdinando II died in 1670, succeeded by his oldest surviving son Cosimo. The administration of the state was delegated to bureaucrats. Leopoldo II, Grand Duke of Tuscany was the third of the five children and the second but the only surviving son of Ferdinando III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and his first wife Luisa of Naples and Sicily.Given the names Leopoldo Giovanni Giuseppe Francesco Ferdinando Carlo, the future Grand Duke of Tuscany was born on October 3, 1797, in Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, now in Italy. He revamped the taxation and tariff system. Militia were recruited into the army as needed to replace losses. [3], Having brought nearly all Tuscany under his control after conquering the Republic of Siena, Cosimo I de' Medici, was elevated by a papal bull of Pope Pius V to Grand Duke of Tuscany on August 27, 1569. To be eligible, one had to be male and a noble. Learning in advance of the After a short Civil War, the Medici were able to depose the Habsburg and place themselves on power again. Europe heard of the perils of Tuscany, and Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor asserted a remote claim to the grand duchy (through some Medici descent), but died before he could press the matter. to serve Florence was Vice Consular Agent James Ferdinand IV's hypothetical reign didn't last long; the House of Habsburg-Lorraine was formally deposed by the National Assembly on 16 August 1859.[54]. CosimoI died in 1574 of apoplexy, leaving a stable and extremely prosperous Tuscany behind him, having been the longest ruling Medici yet. "[7], Following the Republic's surrender in the Siege of Florence, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issued a proclamation explicitly stating that he and he alone could determine the government of Florence. Coat of Arms (1562-1737) House of Habsburg-Lorraine. [57] In April 1532, the Pope convinced the Bala, Florence's ruling commission, to draw up a new constitution. On April 17, 1555, both the Duchy of Florence conquered Siena. Over time, the Medici acquired several territories, which included: the County of Pitigliano, purchased from the Orsini family in 1604; the County of Santa Fiora, acquired from the House of Sforza in 1633; Spain ceded Pontremoli in 1650, Silvia Piccolomini sold her estates, the Marquisate of Castiglione at the time of Cosimo I, Lordship of Pietra Santa, and the Duchy of Capistrano and the city of Penna in the Kingdom of Naples. During their reigns the Renaissance started on a serious way. For the decades thereafter, the grand dukes only maintained a peacetime force of 2,500 soldiers, 500 cavalry to patrol the coasts and 2,000 infantry to man castles (Cosimo I having significantly expanded Tuscany's fortification network in an effort to defend the country). On Italy, unlike on most of the world, the Axis were victorious. He was forced out by the French during the French Revolutionary Wars, first in spring 1799 when a jacobin provisional government was created by the French army, and then after the Treaty of Aranjuez (1801), becoming instead Elector of Salzburg, ruling the territory of the former archbishopric. [21] Francesco and Ferdinando, due to lax distinction between Medici and Tuscan state property, are thought to be wealthier than their ancestor, Cosimo de' Medici, the founder of the dynasty. Under Grand Duke Cosimo II, 7 roundships carrying 1,800 soldiers were sent to the Mediterranean from 1609 to 1611. From 1553 to 1559, Tuscany raised 30,000 troops for their participation in the Last Italian War, which saw the Republic of Siena being added to the duchy. the entire peninsula. In March 1809 a "General Government of the Departments of Tuscany" was set up, and Napoleon Bonaparte put his sister Elisa Bonaparte at its head, with the title of Grand Duchess of Tuscany. In 1569, Cosimo de' Medici had ruled the Duchy of Florence for 32 years. His wife, Eleanor of Toledo, died in 1562, along with four of his children due to a plague epidemic in Florence. The said revolution toppled the throne of France, and caused disarray across Europe. He used his skill at choosing collaborators to put a young physician, Vincenzo Chiarugi, at its head. Diplomatic Couriers, Guide to Country Recognition and The Second Austro-Sardinian war broke out in the summer of 1859. The Catholic Republic of Sicily annexed Palermo and surrounding areas, which would be claimed by the Emirate of Sicily by 1960. Grand Duke of $1,000,000 to help finance the war. Civil unrest governed Tuscany. . At that time the Habsburgs' efforts had only managed to muster a standing army of 3,000 poorly-trained troops. By 1900, it was the most able. This can be observed in the register of prizes of the Order of Saint Stephen. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany from 1815 to 1847. Cosimo III was succeeded by his son, Gian Gastone, who, for most of his life, kept to his bed and acted in an unregal manner, rarely appearing to his subjects, to the extent that, at times, he had been thought dead. If Leopold's line were to become extinct, it would revert to the main line. They drew up the Treaty of Vienna, which gave the grand ducal throne to Don Carlos, Duke of Parma. Adams, and Thomas They began to raid independently of the galleys on long voyages to the Levant. The Peace of Villafranca allowed Leopold to return once more. It was conquered by the Romans 280 BC. The representatives of the Grand In the 10-hour battle, punctuated by cannon fire and boarding actions, 600 pirates were killed or captured and they lost 4 of the 5 ships (3 sunk, 1 captured), while the Italians lost 60 dead. [50], Leopold also introduced radical reforms to the system of neglect and inhumane treatment of the mentally ill. On 23January 1774, the legge sui pazzi (law regarding the insane) was established, the first of its kind to be introduced in Europe, allowing steps to be taken to hospitalize individuals deemed insane. Only 1 was captured after 1635. Tuscany was one of the states of the Holy Roman Empire that sided with the Emperor in the Thirty Years War, sending thousands of troops to support the pro-Imperial side from 1631. Every grand duke after Leopold resided in Florence; they were considered to be pro-Habsburg. A provisional republic was established in his stead. The Medici were also bankers, and their company was one of the most . Francis I (as Francis Stephen became known) lived in Florence briefly with his wife, the Habsburg heiress Maria Theresa, who became Tuscany's grand duchess. Historical flags and coat of arms [ edit] State Flags 1545-1731 (Farnese) 1815-1847 However, Maximilian eventually confirmed the elevation with an Imperial diploma in 1576. The Duke of Lucca decided to abdicate his throne in favor of the Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopoldo II, while the Lucca territories of Montignoso, Gallicano, Minucciano and Castiglione di Garfagnana were given to Modena. In December 1859, the Grand Duchy was joined to the Duchies of Modena and Parma to form the United Provinces of Central Italy, which were annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia a few months later. Gian Gastone was not as steadfast in negotiating Tuscany's future as his father was. Relations ended in 1860 following the Unification of Italy when the Duchy was dissolved and incorporated into a singular Italian state. Scientific progress was greatly improved too, which some Tuscan scientists as Galileo Galilei. appointed senator and diplomat Ralph Izard as By 1705, the grand ducal treasury was virtually bankrupt, and the population of Florence had declined by approximately 50%, while the population of the entire grand duchy had decreased by an estimated 40%. They were responsible of importing much of the Greek culture into Rome. While not as internationally renowned as the old republic, the grand duchy thrived under the Medici and it bore witness to unprecedented economic and military success under Cosimo I and his sons, until the reign of Ferdinando II, which saw the beginning of the state's long economic decline. Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an affluent realm; however, his inaction in international affairs drew Tuscany into the provincial yolk of politics. attempts was in 1784 when U.S. The region was left to the Goths at the end of the Sixth Century, and later it was conquered by the Longobards, which designated Lucca as capital of the Duchy of Tuscia. Like the Empire's other loyal Italian subjects, the Tuscans were "hawks" who supported prosecuting the war to its conclusion. Florence became a fiefdom of Spain on 1557, but it conserved its independence. Tuscany was overcome with religious orders, all of whom were not obliged to pay taxes. Following Ferdinand's death, his elder son, Leopold II, succeeded him. The interest rate was lowered by 0.75%. He was briefly deposed by a provisional government in 1849, but restored to power the same year by Austrian troops. [13] The administration of the state was delegated to bureaucrats. United States and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. At that time the Habsburgs' efforts had only managed to muster a standing army of 3,000 poorly-trained troops. These measures, which disturbed the deeply rooted convictions of his people and brought him into collision with the pope, were not successful. In 1605, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, Alessandro de' Medici, elected as Pope Leo XI. He and his grandson, Lorenzo de'Medici, were great patrons of the arts. [15] Cosimo's reign was one of the most militaristic Tuscany had ever seen. They built roads, aqueducts, sewers and many buildings. He commanded the draining of the Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in Southern Tuscany, and cultivated trade in Livorno. Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia captured Tuscany in its entirety, and held it for the duration of the conflict; Leopold fled Tuscany as a result. [3] the duchy of Capistrano and Citta di Penna in the kingdom of Naples. Parliament. [39] He sent munitions to the Emperor during the Battle of Vienna. [40] Meanwhile, the state's capital, Florence, had become full of beggars. It was made by Julius Caesar due to the rich farming village of the Arno, the river in which Florence was located. Only 1 was captured after 1635. Izzard never arrived in Tuscany learning in advance of the high probability that Ferdinand would refuse to receive him in Florence for fear of upsetting the British. The Florentines were victorious because of the Venecian interference in the pro-Florentine side. Ferdinando eagerly assumed the government of Tuscany. The United Provinces of Central Italy, a client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia, annexed Tuscany in 1859. [57] Pope Clement VII willed his relative Alessandro de' Medici to be the monarchical ruler of Florence, and went about requisitioning that dignity carefully; he wanted to give the impression that the Florentines democratically chose Alessandro to be their monarch. Ferdinando, despite no longer being a cardinal, exercised much influence at successive Papal conclaves; elections which chose the Pope, the head of the Catholic Church. [30] The treasury was so empty that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds. In 1687 the Tuscans sent an additional 4 galleys, plus 2 hired foreign galleys, carrying 860 more soldiers, including German mercenaries. Delbrck, Hans (1990) [1920]. Under him, Tuscany was ruled by a viceroy, Marc de Beauvau-Craon, Prince de Craon. The first nuclear plant on Tuscany was founded on 1946 in Pisa, while the first good attempt to use nuclear technology to feed a city was the Nuclear Hour of Florence (1948), which was successful. St.Minias was Florence's first martyr on 250 C.E during Decius' anti-Christian persecutions. [10] Cosimo also was a long-term supporter of Pope Pius V, who in the light of Florence's expansion in August 1569 declared Cosimo Grand Duke of Tuscany, a title unprecedented in Italy. An anonymous Venetian intelligence report from the late 16th century stated that Tuscany could spend 800,000 ducats annually on war (half as much as the Spanish-held Kingdom of Naples despite having a quarter of its population), and could raise 40,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry, counting soldiers, militia, and mercenaries from nearby Corsica and Romagna, a force massively out of proportion to its population. the President, Visits by Foreign Heads In the 11th century the marquisate went to the Attoni family from Canossa, who also held Modena, Reggio Emilia and Mantua. Since their accession to the throne of Grand Dukes, the Habsburgs continually tried to make Tuscany a source of military power, to little success, as Tuscany had declined and demilitarized in the 18th century. Although the artistic development on Tuscany became less and less, Tuscany started becoming more and more powerful. An "Extraordinary Giunta" was placed in charge under General Jacques Franois Menou. 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